Quaqua incarnata5/1/2023 ![]() The message may consist of thoughts, ideas, opinions, feelings, beliefs, facts, information, intelligence or other significational elements. The object of communication is the sending of a message. Inclusive hypothesis is issued that information is a form of communication. After the critical examination of conflicting positions expressed by many experts in the field, the extensic and The bivalent relationship communication-information, information- communication has come to be contradictory, and the two concepts to block each other. The research core is the reality that the scientific research of communication-information relationship has reached a dead end. ![]() In addition, it recourse to an appropriate method of approaching the contradictions: Extenics, as the method and the science of solving the contradictions. Study represents an application of the neutrosophic method, for solving the contradiction between communication and information. Finally, the chapter provides a synthesis of the main trends around self-directed learning in Africa while identifying certain areas for future research. Despite self-directed learning’s focus on the individual, it seems to be a very appropriate learning process towards communal learning utilising cooperative learning strategies that support self-directed learning. This chapter critically examined key literature regarding self-directed learning in this milieu and inductively identified general trends. This concept, despite the origins of the scholarship of self-directed learning being from the Global North and the West, is more expansive and, this chapter specifically aims to give an overview of the current discourses around self-directed learning in Africa. This chapter involves a systematic literature review that explores research on self-directed learning at school and higher education within the African context. In this regard, self-directed learning, which involves both a process and student characteristic, relates to the students taking charge of their learning in terms of setting aims, choosing material or human resources, choosing appropriate learning strategies and evaluating their learning. The changing educational context and dynamic needs around increasing online learning at all education levels highlight the importance of self-directed learning.
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